Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated with HIV P24 Antigen Positivity Among Seronegative Blood Donors in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Despite routine screening of blood donors with antibody-based rapid tests, individuals in the acute stage of HIV infection often go undetected, presenting a significant transfusion risk. This study evaluates the socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors associated with HIV p24 antigen positivity among seronegative blood donors in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 261 blood donors were screened for HIV antibodies using Determine HIV-1/2 and Unigold Recombigen tests, establishing high specificity and sensitivity. Blood samples were then tested for HIV p24 antigen using the HIGHTOP (HIV) ELISA test. A structured questionnaire assessed socio-demographic and risk behavior data. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS v20, with chi-square tests to evaluate associations, setting significance at p<0.05. HIV p24 antigen was detected in 9 donors (3.5%). Significant associations with p24 positivity included multiple sexual partners (p=0.001), sex outside regular partnerships (p=0.0004), recent tattooing or piercing (p=0.022). No significant associations were found regarding gender, age, education level, or donor type. This study highlights the need for improved screening strategies to enhance transfusion safety in Nigeria. Keywords: HIV, p24 antigen, seronegative, blood donors, risk factors, Kaduna, Nigeria